Native American Genetics

14Nov/11Off

Native American Genetics
How did people get to the New World?

There are many facts and theories about how people first came to North and South America. No good answer will ignore:

Bering Strait Hypothesis

Clovis Culture

Multiple migration routes

Monte Verde (in Chile)

Lucia (In Brazil)

Penon Woman

Kennewick Man

Arlington Springs Woman

Spirit Cave Man

Oregon Coprolites

Beothuk ancestry

Native American genetics

Florida Henge

I need help though, I'm not sure how I could start all of this. I gotta do 3 page essay on it, so yeah..

Science can’t determine how the Americas were populated. But most studies haven’t moved to far from the “Land Bridge Theory“ (12,000 ybp) . It’s the dates that are the issue. All evidence shows a 40,000 year isolation from other populations. Here is some of the latest information.

DNA has proven

• Native Americans have no Asian DNA.
• Native American DNA is unique to Native Americans.
• Native Americans are a single founding population.
• Native American DNA and the distribution is homogeneous.
• Native Americans are not genetically similar to any other population
• Native Americans had no connection to other populations for at least 40,000 years.
• The gene flow in the Americas is from
- - - South to North and from
- - - Alaska to Siberia.
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American Indian populations have developed locally unique genetic characteristics that distinguish them from all other world populations. A proper description of American Indian genetic characteristics begins with recognizing their autochthonous (indigenous) character.

The primary North American Indian genetic contribution identified for the Arctic region may indicate gene flow from Alaska to Siberia. This would reverse the usual scholarly presumption that North American populations have been only a recipient of Asian immigrants and not a source of American Indian emigrants to Asia

The ARCTIC region (Bering straights) is where Native Americans were exposed to other gene pools. The gene contributions to the ARCTIC region was.

North American . . .52.5%
Altaian . . . . . 15.8%
East Asian . . . 8.3%
Australian . . . 13.9%
Polynesian . . . 6.8%

DNA Tribes® Digest October 25, 2008

http://www.dnatribes.com/dnatribes-digest-2008-10-25.pdf

DNA Tribes® maintains the world wide genetic database for the "National Geographic Genome Project".
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April 29th, 2009
An excerpt: "Our work provides strong evidence that, in general, Native Americans are more closely related to each other than to any other existing Asian populations..."

Native Americans descended from a single ancestral group, DNA study confirms

http://www.physorg.com/news160214945.html

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2008 - About 40,000 years ago.....The early generations began to move out of Siberia into Beringia.
Glaciers blocked New World colonizers for 20,000 years: study

http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5gXL-5uNUZirR8IgC01VdP-p6-tIQ

2008 - Mitochondrial Population Genomics Supports a Single Pre-Clovis Origin

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B8JDD-4RY1NS0-3&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=e39bc2256a9149ac293a0b3f60bc2c19

New Bering Strait Discoveries May (Finally) Smash Clovis Barrier

http://primarysources.newsvine.com/_news/2006/10/11/396587-new-bering-strait-discoveries-may-finally-smash-clovis-barrier

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DNA has shown that there was genetic exchange between the West Coast of North America and Polynesia.
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An 11.2% contribution from the "Salishan" genetic region was also identified, which correspond to Polynesian cultural similarities with Pacific Coast North American Indians.

Estimated genetic contributions to the Polynesian genetic region.
Salishan 11.2% (Native American)

DNA Tribes® Digest October 25, 2008 (Same site above)
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Less expected was the third largest genetic contribution of 9.0% from the "Polynesian" genetic region. This reciprocates the Salishan genetic contribution to Polynesians identified in the September 2008 issue.

Although this reciprocal Salishan-Polynesian genetic connection is not explained on the basis of available historical models, it might correspond to cultural similarities in kinship traditions observed between American Indians of the Pacific Northwest and Polynesia.

Estimated world genetic contributions to the "Salishan" genetic region.
Polynesian 9.0%

http://www.dnatribes.com/dnatribes-digest-2008-09-27.pdf

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That sort of covers (Native American genetics - Bering Strait Hypothesis - Clovis Culture - Multiple migration routes)

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Kennewick Man (9,200)

http://www.tri-cityherald.com/kman/

Spirit Cave Man (9,400)

http://farshores.org/tp_spiri.htm

Oregon Coprolites (14,300)

http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/04/080403-first-americans.html

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